TB, age 37, currently resides in East Lansing with my wife, B and three children--Z (14-year-old son), Nan (11-year-old daughter) and Little E (4-year-old son). I was born in Ban Nong Sai, a small rural village a few miles east of Udon Thani, which is a regional hub in northeastern Thailand. My parents met while my father was working for a government contractor out of the Royal Air Force Base in Udon during the Vietnam War. The base was built by the U. S. Air Force and thousands of sorties were flown over North Vietnam from there during the course of the war. My mother is Thai, but like many northeasterners, belongs to the Lao ethnic group. My father is Mohawk from the Tyendinaga Reserve in Ontario.
I lived in Thailand until I was about 5 and a half—moved to Detroit with my parents at that time. Lived in the Detroit area until age 18—came to East Lansing to attend M.S.U. and my parents moved just north of Traverse City, where I spent summer and winter breaks. My wife and I moved to her reservation in Canada after I graduated from M.S.U. and lived there for about two years before returning to Lansing.
My wife is Odawa (Ottawa), Ojibwe and Potawatomi. Her father is mostly Odawa and is from the Wikwemikong Unceded Reserve on Manitoulin Island in Ontario. Her mother is from the Isabella and Athens Reservations in Michigan. Her family has been attending pow wows since she was a little girl and have been involved with the traditional Midewin Medicine Lodge for over thirty years.
My wife’s mother worked in Indian education for thirty years in Michigan and Ontario and her father teaches Anishinaabe (Odawa, Ojibwe and Potawatomi) Language at Algoma University in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
Ethnically, I guess I’m more Lao than anything, but I really haven’t had a lot of contact with that part of my heritage. I’ve been around the Indian communities in Detroit, Lansing and Wikemikong—therefore, will approach the questions from that perspective.
*What are some things that you wish people knew about you and other people with the same characteristics as you? The biggest thing is that we are still around—many people seem to think that Indians vanished. The last U.S. Census showed nearly two million people who claimed to be Native and in Canada, there are another half million as well. The diversity of the Native population isn’t always understood—our cultures and languages can be quite different from one another. Mohawk for example, has no connection with Ojibwe—they are as different from one another as French is to Arabic.
We’re a very diverse subculture—there are traits that we share, or things that we have adopted in common due to the spread of pow wows, but there is great variation from tribe-to-tribe. I’m Indian, but I don’t know all that much about the Lakota (Sioux) and they probably don’t know that much about the Mohawks.
Pow wows only started in the 1950’s—different dances from different regions were incorporated and the big drum-style singing was used. It has evolved over the last fifty years and is constantly changing, but it emphasizes the things that we have in common.
*What are some important things that happened in the history of your people or your ethnicity?Contact with Europeans was a big one—that pretty much changed everything for most tribes. Pre-contact info is scant, but most tribes still have their own creation stories.
My tribe, the Mohawks, quickly allied themselves with the British and fought for them in the French and Indian Wars and the American Revolution. Most of the Six Nations tribes moved to Canada after the Revolution and were given land grants from the British for their service in that war.
When the Iroquois relocated to Canada, they built churches in their new communities and adopted all the trappings of European culture. They went from the traditional Longhouse system of government (elected sachems, hereditary Clan Mothers) to the Tribal Council, which was imposed on most reserves.
The introduction of the reservation system in the U.S. and Canada and treaties between the tribes and federal governments was also an important event. The reservation system really got it start just after the Revolution and continued through the late 1880’s. The Indian Wars of the west, the Trail of Tears (Cherokee were forced to march from the Carolinas/Georgia to Okalahoma, Pontiac’s Rebellion, Tecumseh’s Rebellion; all took place during this time period.
The governments of both the U.S. and Canada tried to assimilate Indians through various efforts—in Canada, they sent the children to boarding schools and in the U.S. they would uproot entire families and move them to an urban center. Chicago, L.A., San Francisco, Cleveland, New York City and the Twin Cities were amongst the cities that developed large Indian populations due to the Reorganization Act.
The Pan-Indian movement began with the spread of pow wows in the fifties and accelerated in the sixties due to the Civil Rights Movement. The American Indian Movement was just one of many Indian organizations which tried to fight for Indian rights in the late 60’s and early 70’s.
In the seventies, Indians were able to practice their Native religion again with the passage of the Freedom of Religion Act in 1978.
The Supreme Court legalized gambling for reservations in 1987(?) and in states that were willing to sign compacts with tribes, casinos began popping up.
*What are some unique foods that are a part of your life that are
different than what one would find in the macroculture?Most of our foods have been accepted by the dominant culture—corn, squash, wild rice, etc . . . we’ll eat frybread, which is really a post-reservation food. Families would be given lard, flour and sugar and they would make this bread-like thing which they fried. I think Mexicans have a similar dish, but ours is directly derived from commodities given to the tribes by the federal government.
*Does your subculture have any unique ceremonies or rituals? Natives will have Naming Ceremonies for their children—they are given a “spirit name” which is used only in the lodge or in religious ceremonies. My two older children will be doing their fast soon—up to four days, but it can be less—and then we will hold a feast in their honor for family and friends. It will be their entrance into adulthood—which began with puberty, traditionally.
We have “giveaways” at most of our important functions—let’s say we’re celebrating my son’s birthday—we will give gifts to the people in attendance. Aunts and Uncles, Grandparents, friends who have been important to that child are given gifts.
It harkens back to a time when our people were nomadic—you couldn’t keep accumulating goods, so you would only keep what was necessary and give other items away.
*What is the hardest part about communication with people not in your subculture? Most Indians speak English as their primary language in the U.S. and Canada. In Wikemikong, most everyone over the age of forty understands or speaks their Native language, whereas in Michigan, there are only a handful of fluent Odawa speakers left.
There are communities which have “immersion” programs in an attempt to save their languages, but these are in the minority.
*Are there any things that you find offensive about how people not in your subculture ask questions about your subculture? My wife and brother-in-law used to do presentations at schools through the Nokomis Learning Center in Okemos. They would get some strange questions like, “Do you guys still live in teepees?”
Something else is the mascots thing—lots of folks don’t seem to understand why Indians find Indian mascots offensive, since it is “honoring” us. My son goes to Okemos and we’ve argued with the band director and principal on this—some Hollywood-style tom-tom drumming doesn’t honor our culture, it makes a mockery of it.
And if having Indian mascots are alright, why don’t they have Black mascots? Asian Mascots? Would people take offense to a Sambo-type mascot in black face? Why is it okay for people to dress us like Indians, face painted, doing goofy dances?
It objectifies our culture and the culture portrayed isn’t ours at all—it’s a fictional representation. It’s also cultural appropriation—it is OUR culture, so why is someone else making decisions on whether or not it is used and how it is portrayed?
Take the time to explore and learn about the real culture, if you are interested. And finding Indians to say they’re okay with it to justify using mascots doesn’t cut it either—they certainly don’t speak for me. Even if my stance is in the minority, what is right? I don’t think it’s right to do that to anyone. It can be done with taste or respect—so why don’t most NFL and college fans bother? It’s more fun to make it their own and do what they want with it…
*What kinds of stereotypes does your subculture have to deal with? A big one lately is that ALL Indians get money because of the casinos which are prevalent in the U.S. My family does not get any money from any casinos. Even though my wife is a descendent of Mt. Pleasant tribe, she is not a “member.” Membership is an entirely separate issue from whether or not a person is a descendent.
The tribes in Canada don’t have casinos—in the U.S., the Supreme Court ruled that tribes, as sovereign entities, could sign a compact with the states and operate casinos (1987?). As sovereign entities, however, they get to dictate who is a member and what they do with any casino profits.
The Mt. Pleasant casino is one of the largest in the country and is not a good indicator of how profitable tribes are. The Lakota (Sioux) operate casinos in Minnesota and North and South Dakota—the one outside Minneapolis/St. Paul makes more money than all the other casinos combined because it is located near a large urban area. The Dakota casinos are in sparsely populated areas and make little, if any profit.
A small handful of Indian casinos are making the majority of the profits nationwide and the vast majority of Indians do not get any profits or benefit from casinos.
*What makes a person respected within your subculture>? War veterans have always been highly respected, as are elders and cultural teachers. Veterans are our warriors and they fight for all of us, regardless of how you feel about the politics of the situation. Elders in many ways are cultural teachers—someone who speaks their Native language fluently and can pass that on. Some might also be able to pass along specific customs or ceremonies which they remember from childhood.
*Who are the heroes of your subculture? Why? In the Native culture, people who fought for their freedom and their beliefs have always been held in high esteem. Amongst our heroes are Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Geronimo, Chief Joseph, Tecumseh, Pontiac, Joseph Brant, Tom Longboat, Jim Thorpe, Billy Mills, Ira Hayes . . .
*What are some major problems your subculture has to face? The Indian culture has many problems that still need to be addressed—the high school drop-out rate for Natives is still around 75%. Drug and alcohol abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence, gang activity are all prevalent in Indian communities.
Casinos have helped many tribes to obtain basic services for their members, but communities across the continent will be dealing with the consequences of gambling for many years to come. Hopefully, tribes will be able to diversify their holdings and not rely upon gambling alone, but that remains to be seen.
Our subculture has been able to survive largely because of our adaptability to the changes around us. We also have a long history of freedom and autonomy, but as a culture, we need to work together better to survive into the future. Each tribe or band has its own unique history and the political or cultural circumstances of a band is different from its neighbors.
The Isabella Reservation has a very different history from the Sault Ste. Marie tribe and both have different goals and objectives for their communities, despite the fact that they are both member of the Ojibwe tribe. I think that in the long term, tribes will have to put aside their differences and come to agreement about where we are going as a culture.
Tribes in Ontario have made a lot of progress since joining together and working towards common goals.
Unfortunately, I don’t see tribes in the U.S. doing the same—there’s money at stake here, thanks to casinos. I see further erosion of our subculture…
*What are some significant things that your subculture values, other
than money?History, culture, family, our Native language, our elders, our youth . . .